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Deduction of the Theory | Mass and Energy | Evaluation of the theory | Test of the theory

| Proof: Special relativity is wrong

Test of the theory of the Structure and Composition of the Cosmos


Many of the physical phenomena relating to cosmology are of such a magnitude that it can be difficult to develop a test, which is able to confirm or refute a theory on the Cosmos. In such cases, it may be more useful to regard the physical realities that the theory shall describe. Moreover, the Universe is itself performing the most spectacular tests, whose results it is hard to get around, although laboratory experiments are pointing in another direction. Therefore, we will here stick to the physical observations in the evaluation of the theory.


A test of the theory could include the following physical conditions:

  • The theory must provide a logical explanation of the observations of the Universe.
  • A black hole may cause a regenerative explosion.
  • According to the theory it must be possible to find celestial objects older 13.8 billion years.
  • Observe whether the star formation is constant throughout the observable Universe.
  • Examine whether the dark matter consists of baryonic matter, especially as black holes.
  • Examine whether the net-like structure of the universe mostly consists of black holes.
  • Examine whether our Universe is flat (Ω = Ωr + Ωm + ΩL= 1).
  • Repeat Stefan Marinov's experiment to determine the its velocity relative to the zero-point field.
  • Examine whether the gravitational forces are mediated by gravitons.
  • Examine whether the age distribution of galaxies and quasars is relatively constant throughout the observable Universe.
  • Examine whether the red-shift - and thereby the heating of the solar corona, the interstellar plasma, the galactic corona, and the intergalactic plasma - is due to the plasma red-shift.
Test of the theory of the Structure and Composition of the Cosmos

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Make Laboratory Tests of the Plasma Red-shift and the Resulting Heating.


Plasma is one of the four fundamental states of matter, and consists of a highly ionized gas that is made up of electrons and positive ions. Plasma is a good conductor of electricity, and the motion of charge carriers produce self organized currents and fluctuations in the charge density, and the magnetic and electric fields.


Plasma are among the most abundant forms of ordinary matter, and arise when especially hydrogen and helium are stripped of their orbiting electrons by heating through the interaction with electromagnetic fields, so the so called warm-hot intergalactic plasma can reach temperatures of 105 - 107 degrees Kelvin. The electromagnetic field loose thereby some of its energy, so it gets red-shifted.


The plasma red-shift of photons arise especially when the photons penetrate a hot plasma with a low density, such as in the solar corona, the galactic corona, the interstellar plasma, and the intergalactic plasma. When the photons penetrate the hot plasma, they loose some of their energy to the plasma, whereby the photons become red-shifted while the plasma gets heated. The plasma red-shift explains thereby - the solar red-shifts, the red-shifts of the galactic corona, the cosmological red-shifts, the cosmic microwave background, and the X-ray background - and the complementary heating of the intergalactic plasma, the solar corona, and the galactic corona.


As the plasma red-shift explains the observed red-shift, the red-shift is not due to an expansion of the Universe, so the size of the universe is static.


Make Laboratory Tests of the Plasma Red-shift and the Resulting Heating



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Measure the Velocity of the Laboratory relative to the Zero-Point Field

The part of the theory, which relates to the existence of the absolute space, is supported by Stefan Marinov's test. This experiment determines the velocity of the experimental apparatus relative to the zero-point field, which substantiates the assertion about an absolute space, and thereby overturns general relativity. [1]

As the light according to the present theory propagates in the zero-point field, the speed of light will be constant in relation to this medium. This property can thus be used to measure the velocity of the laboratory, or rather the experimental set-up, relative to the zero-point field, which according to Stefan Marinov's own measurements is equal to 360 ± 40 km/s.


                           Fig. Measurement of the velocity relative to the zero-point field.

The experimental set-up is placed inside an evacuated chamber, so that we can ignore the drag ve-locity of any media, such as atmospheric air. In the chamber, we place two lasers, one at each end, both of which emit packages of laser light. The light is recorded by photodetectors that in relation to the lasers are placed at the opposite ends of the chamber.

When the chamber is at rest relative to the zero-point field, the wave packages will arrive at the same time. However, if the pressure chamber moves with a velocity v relative to the zero-point field, the light will have two different transmission speeds in relation to the pressure chamber, as the light has a constant velocity relative to the zero-point field. The transmission speed depends on the direction of the light relative to the velocity of the chamber. If the wave package from the laser moves in the same direction as the chamber, the light will travel a longer distance than when the light moves in the opposite direction. This applies even if the chamber is exposed to a length contraction by the factor

 .

Measure the Velocity of the Labora-tory relative to the Zero-Point Field


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Test whether Length Contractions can be Added and Subtracted

Since a length contraction occurs because of the velocity relative to the zero-point field, it must be true that length contractions can be added and subtracted, just as the velocities can be increased or reduced.

 

Suppose we have two reference systems, S' and S'', that move with the velocities v1 and v2 compared to the zero-point field. Let there be given a measuring-rod, and let its length be l when it is at rest relative to the zero-point field.

 

This means that the length of the measuring-rod in S', because of the length contraction, is equal to  and that the length of the measuring-rod in S'' equals .

 

Viewed from S' the length contraction in S'' will thus be equal to:

                       .


Test whether Length Contractions can be Added and Subtracted

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Test whether there are Objects further away than 13.7 Billion Light Years


Since all the universes according to the theory are closed, it will not be possible to test whether there exists more than one closed universe. This is because all the other universes likewise are closed, and the barren objects long since has been emptied of mass and energy - so it is unlikely that our closed Universe will receive information from the outside, unless our Universe collide with an other universe. However, there is nothing to prevent that we can test that part of the theory, which concerns our own closed Universe.


Despite regenerative processes takes place further away than the observable distance of 13.7 billion light years, we shall be extremely lucky, if we can observe objects outside this distance, because of the loss of radiation from the source to the observer. However, if we could observe the edge of our Universe, we might observe an asymmetric distribution of matter, reflecting our position relative to the center of the Universe.

Test whether there are Objects further away than 13.7 Billion Light Years

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Conclusions

Einstein's special theory of relativity possesses several paradoxes, such as for instance the twin paradox and the ladder paradox. However, in the world that surrounds us there are no paradoxes. The present theory shows that Einstein's definition of the principles of relativity do not hold good, and since these definitions constitute the basis of Einstein's theory of relativity, it entails, that the theory falls. It is however possible to provide a description of the structure and composition of the Cosmos - based on classical physics, the quantum field theory, and the resulting Euclidean space - without any paradoxes.


Since, the velocity of light is constant in the zero-point field and independent of the movement of the source, which follows from the equation , the constant velocity of light can be used as a basis for the definition of an absolute, universal time, where . Since the time can be defined by a given length and the constant velocity of light in the zero-point field, the time axis gets just as rigid as the coordinate axes, whereby the space is Euclidean.


Since the electromagnetic force between the particles are transferred at the constant speed of light, the objects - which have a velocity relative to the zero-point field, and thereby relative to the forces that binds the particles together - will be exposed to a length contraction in the direction of the velocity. An observer, who is in a coordinate system that moves relative to the zero-point field, will then, due to the length contraction, experience a "time dilation", when he measures the time it takes to cover the contracted distance. However, since the time is reduced by exactly the same factor as the length, the time will pass just as fast in the moving system as in the stationary system.

 

If the clocks differ from the stationary clocks, it must be due to their design and orientation relative to the direction of motion. In a gravitational field the clocks will however be slower, because of a change of the frequency of the photons in a gravitational field. The conclusion must be that the time is exactly the same everywhere, regardless of whether we are in a stationary system, or in an inertial system which is in motion relative to the zero-point field. Furthermore, because of the length contraction, the mass - or rather the mass density - of an object depends on its velocity relative to the zero-point field.

Since the time is absolute and universal, it entails that space-time is completely flat, while the mass and energy due to gravity curve in the flat space. Since the space is flat, gravity is not due to the curvature of space-time, but to gravitons, and since gavitons just like photons move with the constant speed of light, it results in relativistic phenomena such as the relativistic movements of mercury. It is these properties of time and space, which is the basis of the energy distribution in the Cosmos.

 

In light of the inferred relationship between time and space, is it possible to create a theory of the energy distribution in the Cosmos. The assumptions are that:

  • The law of conservation of energy holds good.
  • The space is Euclidean.
  • No interactions travel faster than the velocity of light in vacuum.
  • Mass and energy are deflected in a gravitational field.
  • The Cosmos has existed for an infinitely long time.
  • We exist.

As the energy is constant and the space is Euclidean, we find that the Cosmos has existed for an infinitely long time. This implies, that the gravitational forces produce a mass distribution in the infinite flat space, where the mass and energy accumulate in ever larger units, until there arise a sort of equilibrium in the Euclidean space.

 

The still larger units will assemble into black holes and closed universes, and since the quantum field theory does not allow singularities, even the closed universes will, as energy is depleted, end up as giant black holes. Nevertheless, as we exist there must be a way out - there must exist a way in which a black hole can be converted into energy in a Euclidean space - that is to say that a black hole must be able to generate a regenerative explosion. Such explosions are seen at the center of the galaxies, where many of the larger black holes are found. The explosions created by the black holes are often called Active Galactic Nuclei or AGN, which for instance includes quasars or pulsars.

 

We can thus conclude that the Cosmos consists of an infinite vacuum in which there is one or more closed universes, which all contain a constant amount of matter and energy. If there are more closed universes and barren objects, they will move away from each other, with velocities that for each of them are bigger than the escape velocity from the overall system, or be in a stable, dynamic equilibrium. Moreover, there must in each of the closed universes constantly  be explosions in the form of Active Galactic Nuclei, since each universe otherwise ultimately would consist of black holes and barren objects.


Comment: In honour of those who can imagine an infinite and simultaneously constant amount of energy we will let the amount of mass and energy approach infinity. According to the theory, this can end up in two scenarios. If the density of matter and energy is relatively small, the Cosmos will consist of an infinite vacuum, in which there are an infinite number of closed universes and barren objects, which all are in an almost stable dynamic equilibrium. Or if, on the contrary, the density of matter and energy is sufficiently large, the Cosmos will just consist of one single coherent Universe. In both cases, there must occasionally occur an explosion in the form of AGN, since each of the universes otherwise ultimately will consist of a black hole.


When an AGN explodes, it will spread the radiation to such a degree, that the distribution of the elements in the galaxy remains relatively constant. The fact that AGN takes place in all the galaxies at some time, implies, that the distribution of the lightest elements from the AGN - that stem from the black holes at the center of the galaxies - form the background for the development of stars.


The theory solves the horizon problem, the smoothness problem, and the flatness problem and explains the network structure of the universe, and the distribution of galaxies. Finally, it can be concluded that the continuous regenerative explosions of the Active Galactic Nuclei, prevent the collapse of the galaxies and in the end the collapse of our Universe. This is due to that there arise regenerative explosions wherever the mass concentration gets high enough. The theory thus provides an explanation of all the questions that has characterized our view of the Universe. It is questions like:

  • Why is the Universe so close to being flat?
  • Why are some stars older than the accepted age of the universe? [2]
  • Why has the Universe not suffered from the heat death eons ago? [3]


As it can be seen, the theory answers all the questions that for the moment seem almost insur-mountable, both in relation to relativity and in relation to the composition of the Cosmos. The theory can thus largely be verified through all the questions it answers.


Conclusions


















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References

1. Stefan Marinov: "New Measurement of the Earth’s Absolute Velocity with the Help of the 
    “Coupled Shutters” Experiment", Progress in Physics, 2007.

2. K. MacPherson: "Satellite reveals trove of data from early universe", Princeton Weekly Bulletin,
    March 24, 2008, Vol. 97, No. 20.

 

3. P. C. W. Davies: "The last three minutes", Basic Books, New York, 1994.

 

References


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